Remote Gsmedge [best] -

| Metric | Local BTS | Remote BTS (IP Backhaul) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Call Setup Time | 1.2 sec | 2.5 sec | | EDGE Throughput (DL) | 220 kbps | 185 kbps (due to TCP windowing) | | Handover Success Rate | 98% | 91% (increased latency) | | Abis Overhead | None | 15% (IPsec + L2TP) |

[Remote SDR BTS] <--IPsec--> [Aggregator] <--GTP--> [Core Network (MSC/SGSN)] 3. Security Analysis 3.1 Vulnerabilities of Remote GSM Remotely managed GSM/Edge inherits both legacy GSM weaknesses and IP-based threats: remote gsmedge