Primary root (radicle) breaks through testa → anchors seed.

1. Introduction Mustard seeds are small, round seeds from plants in the Brassicaceae family. They are valued for rapid germination, high adaptability, and use in cover cropping, microgreens, and spice production. This report outlines the optimal conditions and growth stages. 2. Optimal Growing Conditions | Parameter | Optimal Range | Notes | |-----------|---------------|-------| | Temperature (germination) | 15–25°C (59–77°F) | Germination fails below 5°C or above 35°C | | Soil type | Well-drained loam or sandy loam | pH 6.0–7.5 preferred | | Moisture | Consistently moist, not waterlogged | Overwatering causes damping-off | | Light | Full sun (6+ hours/day) | Can tolerate partial shade | | Seed depth | 1–2 cm (0.5–0.75 in) | Too deep reduces emergence | 3. Growth Stages & Timeline Stage 1: Imbibition & Activation (0–24 hours) Seed absorbs water → seed coat swells → metabolic enzymes activate.

Hypocotyl elongates, pulling cotyledons (seed leaves) above soil. Cotyledons turn green → photosynthesis begins.

Stem elongates, multiple true leaves form. Root system expands.